These machines are also listed in the separateĪ B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W That were produced by (or for) the established mechanical calculatorĬompanies. This section also includes some of the early electronic calculators Nevertheless, as the only electronic desktop calculator available, tens of thousands of ANITAs were sold worldwide up to 1964, when three new transistorisedĬompetitors appeared the American Friden 130 series, the Italian IME 84, and the Sharp Compet CS10A from Japan.John Wolff's Web Museum - Calculator Index John Wolff's Web Museum Calculator Index by Make and Model These early ANITAs sold for around £355 ($1,000), equivalent to around £4,800 ($8,000) in today's money. 8 for Britain and the rest of the world, with the latter soon becoming the only model. The illuminated 12-place display was provided by 'Nixie' glow discharge tubes.įrom 1962, two models were marketed ANITA Mk. All the rest was done electronically, using a mix of vacuum and cold cathode 'Dekatron' counting tubes. This was the world's first all-electronic desktop calculatorĪnd it was developed in Britain by Control Systems Ltd., marketed under its Bell Punch and Sumlock brands.ĪNITA used the same push button key layout as the company's mechanical comptometers, but these were the only moving parts. The first step was seen in 1961 with the arrival of ANITA (A New Inspiration To Arithmetic/Accounting). Useful for working out your business margins Not exactly a desktop solution.Įlectronic calculating for the office had to wait on the miniaturisation of valves and the development of solid state transistors.ĪNITA: First desktop all-electronic calculator. Square feet of floorspace and consumed as much power as a small town. It weighed around 27 tonnes, took up 1800 Tubes, 7,200 crystal diodes, 1,500 relays, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors and around 5 million hand-soldered joints. Integrator And Computer) as a completely digital artillery firing table calculator also capable of solving "a large class of numerical problems", including the four basicĮNIAC was 1,000 times faster than electro-mechanical computers and could hold a ten-digit decimal number in memory. The application of this technology to the world's first general calculating computer had to wait until 1946 and the construction of the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical However, it did this using hundred of thermionic valves as electronic on/off switches, as well as an electronic display. Part of his life designing a four-operation mechanical calculator, based on his ingenious slotted 'Leibniz wheel,' but ultimately failing to produce a fully operationalĮNIAC: less processing power than a non-smart phone. Pascal's machine used geared wheels and could add and subtract two numbers directly and multiply and divide by repetition. Perform all four arithmetic operations without relying on human intelligence." The first mechanical calculator appeared in 1642, the creation of French intellectual and mathematics whizz kid Blaise Pascal as "a device that will eventually Real Rocket Scientists used slide rules to send Man to the Moon - a Pickett model N600-ES was taken on the Apollo 13 moon mission in 1970.
FRIDEN CALCULATOR MANUAL PORTABLE
The problem was that these weren't portable while the slide rule fitted into the breast pocket Mechanical and electric calculating machines were well established.
FRIDEN CALCULATOR MANUAL HOW TO
Slide rules evolved to allow advanced trigonometry and logarithms, exponentials and square roots.Įven up to the 1980s, knowing how to operate a slide rule was a basic part of mathematics education for millions of schoolchildren, even though by that time,
The slide rule is basically a sliding stick (or discs) that uses logarithmic scales to allow rapid multiplication and division. Most notably, the development of logarithms by John Napier allowed Edward Gunter, William Oughtred and others to develop the It made addition and subtraction faster and less error-prone and may have led to the term 'bean counters' for accountants.īut that was where the technology more or less stuck for the next 3,600 years, until the beginning of the 17th century AD, when the first mechanical calculatorsīegan to appear in Europe. When all the beads had been slid across the first rod, it was time to move one across on the next, showing the number of tens, and thence to the next rod, showing hundreds, and so on (with the ten beads on the initial row returned to the original position).
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The principle was simple, a frame holding a series of rods, with ten sliding beads on each. In the very beginning, of course was the abacus, a sort of hand operated mechanical calculator using beads on rods, first used by Sumerians and Egyptians around
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